In a hyper-connected world, rapid developments in technologies trigger complex challenges to international security no country can tackle alone. Threats in cyberspace are growing more sophisticated and diverse in form, and the innovation driven by artificial intelligence (AI) and other emerging technologies spark debates on the potential risk as well as benefits they may bring. These developments are not limited to the digital sphere, but also affect the physical world, exacerbating and accelerating existing security challenges. Coupled with geopolitical tensions, the cross-cutting and transboundary nature of today’s security challenges require collective wisdom and coordinated efforts across political, economic and technology sectors.